Abstract
Genome cyclization is essential for viral RNA (vRNA) replication of the vertebrate-infecting flaviviruses, and yet its regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a notorious pathogenic flavivirus. Here, we demonstrated that a group of cis-acting RNA elements in YFV balance genome cyclization to govern efficient vRNA replication. It was shown that the downstream of the 5'-cyclization sequence hairpin (DCS-HP) is conserved in the YFV clade and is important for efficient YFV propagation. By using two different replicon systems, we found that the function of the DCS-HP is determined primarily by its secondary structure and, to a lesser extent, by its base-pair composition. By combining in vitro RNA binding and chemical probing assays, we found that the DCS-HP orchestrates the balance of genome cyclization through two different mechanisms, as follows: the DCS-HP assists the correct folding of the 5' end in a linear vRNA to promote genome cyclization, and it also limits the overstabilization of the circular form through a potential crowding effect, which is influenced by the size and shape of the DCS-HP structure. We also provided evidence that an A-rich sequence downstream of the DCS-HP enhances vRNA replication and contributes to the regulation of genome cyclization. Interestingly, diversified regulatory mechanisms of genome cyclization, involving both the downstream of the 5'-cyclization sequence (CS) and the upstream of the 3'-CS elements, were identified among different subgroups of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses. In summary, our work highlighted how YFV precisely controls the balance of genome cyclization to ensure viral replication. IMPORTANCE Yellow fever virus (YFV), the prototype of the Flavivirus genus, can cause devastating yellow fever disease. Although it is preventable by vaccination, there are still tens of thousands of yellow fever cases per year, and no approved antiviral medicine is available. However, the understandings about the regulatory mechanisms of YFV replication are obscure. In this study, by a combination of bioinformatics, reverse genetics, and biochemical approaches, it was shown that the downstream of the 5'-cyclization sequence hairpin (DCS-HP) promotes efficient YFV replication by modulating the conformational balance of viral RNA. Interestingly, we found specialized combinations for the downstream of the 5'-cyclization sequence (CS) and upstream of the 3'-CS elements in different groups of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Moreover, possible evolutionary relationships among the various downstream of the 5'-CS elements were implied. This work highlighted the complexity of RNA-based regulatory mechanisms in the flaviviruses and will facilitate the design of RNA structure-targeted antiviral therapies.