Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess treatment planning system (TPS) accuracy in estimating the stopping-power ratio (SPR) of immobilization devices commonly used in proton therapy and to evaluate the dosimetric effect of SPR estimation error for a set of clinical treatment plans. METHODS: Computed tomography scans of selected clinical immobilization devices were acquired. Then, the water-equivalent thickness (WET) and SPR values of these devices based on the scans were estimated in a commercial TPS. The reference SPR of each device was measured using a multilayer ion chamber (MLIC), and the differences between measured and TPS-estimated SPRs were calculated. These findings were utilized to calculate corrected dose distributions of 15 clinical proton plans for three treatment sites: extremity, abdomen, and head-and-neck. The original and corrected dose distributions were compared using a set of target and organs-at-risk (OARs) dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters. RESULTS: On average, the TPS-estimated SPR was 19.5% lower (range, -35.1% to 0.2%) than the MLIC-measured SPR. Due to the relatively low density of most immobilization devices used, the WET error was typically <1 mm, but up to 2.2 mm in certain devices. Overriding the SPR of the immobilization devices to the measured values did not result in significant changes in the DVH metrics of targets and most OARs. However, some critical OARs showed noticeable changes of up to 6.7% in maximum dose. CONCLUSIONS: The TPS tends to underestimate the SPR of selected proton immobilization devices by an average of about 20%, but this does not induce major WET errors because of the low density of the devices. The dosimetric effect of this SPR error was negligible for most treatment sites, although the maximum dose of a few OARs exhibited noticeable variations.