Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Telemedicine may help to bridge the specialty care access gap for patients with MS (PwMS) restricted by distance or disability. The objective of this study is to assess the frequency and longitudinal patterns of telemedicine utilization among PwMS and controls. METHODS: We conducted a population-based nested case-control study within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. MS cases and controls were individually matched on sex, age, and Veterans Affair (VA) service region (Veterans Integrated Service Network). MS case and control participants sample sizes by year included 2010: 19,387/86,379; 2016: 19,752/88,535; and 2020: 16,451/78,315. Telemedicine encounter codes were used to identify telemedicine utilization among MS cases and controls in the VHA for 2010, 2016, and 2020. Telemedicine encounters were categorized according to mode (video, phone, and supplementary remote) and type of care provided. RESULTS: Patients in the VHA have had increasing utilization of telemedicine over the past decade. Among PwMS, mean telemedicine encounters increased steadily from 2010 to 2020 (5.6-10.5 encounters/patient, respectively). Across all years, MS cases were significantly more likely than controls to use telemedicine. The odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of any telemedicine utilization comparing MS cases with controls in 2010, 2016, and 2020, respectively, were 1.5 (CI: 1.3-1.5), 1.9 (CI: 1.8-2.0), and 1.7 (CI: 1.6-1.8). Compared with non-Hispanic White veterans, non-Hispanic Black veterans were more likely to use telemedicine (adjusted OR = 1.5; [CI: 1.40-1.60]). The most common and least common modes of telemedicine among cases and controls were telephone and supplementary remote, respectively. Comparing 2010 with 2020, the largest increases in telemedicine utilization exhibited among MS cases were among primary care, specialty care, specialty neurology care, and other types of health care. States with the highest increases in telemedicine utilization were AL, CA, CO, FL, GA, KS, IL, NY, and SC. PwMS tended to live in counties with more adverse social determinants of health compared with controls. DISCUSSION: PwMS were significantly more likely to use telemedicine than their matched controls. There were significant increases in telemedicine utilization between 2010 and 2020. The VHA has a robust telemedicine system of care that has grown to supplement in person care more so than other US health care systems. Future work is needed to assess the determinants of telemedicine utilization.