Abstract
With the increased incidence of stage T1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has come the recognition that these lesions tend to be low grade and slow growing, with low probability of metastasis not necessarily requiring surgery. As alternatives to surgery, both active surveillance and ablation have been advocated for the management of selected patients with stage T1a renal cancers due to slow rate of tumor growth and low metastatic potential based on recent epidemiological studies. Thermal ablation also has consistently reported favorable complication and renal preservation rates compared with surgical approaches. However, most studies are single-center case series and meta-analysis of these series and comparative prospective series with long-term follow-up are lacking. The purpose of this article is to review the principal thermal ablation modalities and oncological outcomes for the treatment of stage T1 RCCs with long-term follow-up.