Abstract
Parental effects passed from adults to their offspring have been identified as a source of rapid acclimation that may allow marine populations to persist as our surface oceans continue to decrease in pH. Little is known, however, whether parental effects are beneficial for offspring in the presence of multiple stressors. We exposed adults of the oyster Saccostrea glomerata to elevated CO(2) and examined the impacts of elevated CO(2) (control = 392; 856 µatm) combined with elevated temperature (control = 24; 28°C), reduced salinity (control = 35; 25) and reduced food concentration (control = full; half diet) on their larvae. Adult exposure to elevated CO(2) had a positive impact on larvae reared at elevated CO(2) as a sole stressor, which were 8% larger and developed faster at elevated CO(2) compared with larvae from adults exposed to ambient CO(2) These larvae, however, had significantly reduced survival in all multistressor treatments. This was particularly evident for larvae reared at elevated CO(2) combined with elevated temperature or reduced food concentration, with no larvae surviving in some treatment combinations. Larvae from CO(2)-exposed adults had a higher standard metabolic rate. Our results provide evidence that parental exposure to ocean acidification may be maladaptive when larvae experience multiple stressors.