Abstract
Although signaling mechanisms inducing cardiac hypertrophy have been extensively studied, little is known about the mechanisms that reverse cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we describe the existence of a similar Akt/forkhead signaling axis in cardiac myocytes in vitro and in vivo, which is regulated by insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), stretch, pressure overload, and angiotensin II stimulation. FOXO3a gene transfer prevented both IGF and stretch-induced hypertrophy in rat neonatal cardiac myocyte cultures in vitro. Transduction with FOXO3a also caused a significant reduction in cardiomyocyte size in mouse hearts in vivo. Akt/FOXO signaling regulated the expression of multiple atrophy-related genes "atrogenes," including the ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 (MAFbx). In cardiac myocyte cultures, transduction with constitutively active Akt or treatment with IGF suppressed atrogin-1 mRNA expression, whereas transduction with FOXO3a stimulated its expression. FOXO3a transduction activated the atrogin-1 promoter in both cultured myocytes and mouse heart. Thus, in cardiomyocytes, as in skeletal muscle, FOXO3a activates an atrogene transcriptional program, which retards or prevents hypertrophy and is down-regulated by multiple physiological and pathological stimuli of myocyte growth.