Abstract
Significant polar topside total electron content (topTEC) enhancement (PTTE) above 1,336 km altitude is reported for the first time. The results are based on GPS measurements during 2008-2019 from NASA's Jason-2 satellite with zenith-oriented antennas. The observations show increasing topTEC toward the southern polar cap at geomagnetic latitudes poleward of 65°S, where TEC values are normally very low. A case study for the 2013 St. Patrick's Day storm indicates that the enhancement can exceed 5.5 TEC units above the dayside ambient state, corresponding to 78% increase. Comparisons with COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 topTEC measurements above 800 km altitude confirm that PTTE events are observed from both Jason-2 and COSMIC on the same day. Our statistical analysis of the Jason-2 data in the southern polar region reveals that PTTE mostly occurs on the dayside, with a seasonal preference of southern summer, and preferentially during geomagnetically disturbed days but can also occur during quiet days. PTTE during storm days shows increased occurrence, magnitude, and deviation from the mean in the cusp region compared with quiet days. Our case analysis indicates that PTTE is observed simultaneously with the effect of tongue of ionization. This suggests that the during storms, dayside F region plasma moving poleward following the antisunward plasma convection may also be part of the PTTE source, and the plasma upflow driven by the polar wind may act to cause PTTE.