Abstract
The identification of potent and selective modulators of protein kinase function remains a challenge, and new strategies are needed for generating these useful ligands. Here, we describe the generation of bivalent inhibitors of three unrelated protein kinases: the CAMK family kinase Pim1, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38α, and the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These bivalent inhibitors consist of an ATP-competitive inhibitor that is covalently tethered to an engineered form of the self-labeling protein O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (SNAP-tag). In each example, SNAP-tag is fused to a peptide ligand that binds to a signaling interaction site of the kinase being targeted. These interactions increase the overall selectivity and potency of the bivalent inhibitors that were generated. The ability to exploit disparate binding sites in diverse kinases points to the generality of the method described. Finally, we demonstrate that ATP-competitive inhibitors that are conjugated to the bio-orthogonal tag O(4)-benzyl-2-chloro-6-aminopyrimidine (CLP) are cell-permeable. The selective labeling of SNAP-tag with CLP conjugates allows the rapid assembly of bivalent inhibitors in living cells.