Abstract
Heart failure continues to be a worldwide epidemic, effecting over 23 million persons. Despite advances in medical therapy, the disease is progressive and a significant proportion of patients will need advanced heart replacement therapy. Continuous flow assist devices have become a standard approach for many patients both as a bridge to cardiac transplantation and as destination therapy (DT). However, device related complications such as bleeding and thrombosis continue to hinder further advancements of this technology. The field is rapidly advancing and efforts to reduce pump complications are directed towards improving hemocompatibility and maximizing blood flow without clinically significant hemolysis, areas of stasis or turbulent flow.