Abstract
Develop a fusion model based on explainable machine learning, combining multiparametric MRI subregional radiomics and deep learning, to preoperatively predict the lymphovascular invasion status in rectal cancer. We collected data from RC patients with histopathological confirmation from two medical centers, with 301 patients used as a training set and 75 patients as an external validation set. Using K-means clustering techniques, we meticulously divided the tumor areas into multiple subregions and extracted crucial radiomic features from them. Additionally, we employed an advanced Vision Transformer (ViT) deep learning model to extract features. These features were integrated to construct the SubViT model. To better understand the decision-making process of the model, we used the Shapley Additive Properties (SHAP) tool to evaluate the model's interpretability. Finally, we comprehensively assessed the performance of the SubViT model through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and the Delong test, comparing it with other models. In this study, the SubViT model demonstrated outstanding predictive performance in the training set, achieving an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.934 (95% confidence interval: 0.9074 to 0.9603). It also performed well in the external validation set, with an AUC of 0.884 (95% confidence interval: 0.8055 to 0.9616), outperforming both subregion radiomics and imaging-based models. Furthermore, decision curve analysis (DCA) indicated that the SubViT model provides higher clinical utility compared to other models. As an advanced composite model, the SubViT model demonstrated its efficiency in the non-invasive assessment of local vascular invasion (LVI) in rectal cancer.