Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To further the development of new agents for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), we characterized the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cytotoxicity by the adrenalytic compound ATR-101 (PD132301-02). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We compared the effects of ATR-101, PD129337, and ABC transporter inhibitors on cholesterol accumulation and efflux, on cortisol secretion, on ATP levels, and on caspase activation in ACC-derived cell lines. We examined the effects of these compounds in combination with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or exogenous cholesterol to determine the roles of altered cholesterol levels in the effects of these compounds. KEY RESULTS: ATR-101 caused cholesterol accumulation, ATP depletion, and caspase activation within 30 minutes after addition to ACC-derived cells, whereas PD129337 did not. Suppression of cholesterol accumulation by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or exogenous cholesterol, prevented ATP depletion and caspase activation by ATR-101. ATR-101 blocked cholesterol efflux and cortisol secretion, suggesting that it inhibited ABCA1, ABCG1, and MDR1 transporters. Combinations of ABCA1, ABCG1, and MDR1 inhibitors were also cytotoxic. Combinations of ATR-101 with inhibitors of ABCG1, MDR1, or mitochondrial functions had increased cytotoxicity. Inhibitors of steroidogenesis reduced ATP depletion by ATR-101, whereas U18666A enhanced cholesterol accumulation and ATP depletion together with ATR-101. ATR-101 repressed ABCA1, ABCG1, and IDOL transcription by mechanisms that were distinct from the mechanisms that caused cholesterol accumulation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Inhibition of multiple ABC transporters and the consequent accumulation of cholesterol mediated the cytotoxicity of ATR-101. Compounds that replicate these effects in tumours are likely to be useful in the treatment of ACC.