Abstract
Psychological stress, a subjective perception of an adverse environmental change, is a hallmark of modern society. Although psychological stress has previously been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is unclear whether stress influences cardiovascular risk differently in men versus women. Gender disparities exist in the prevalence of stress as well as in the prevalence and prognosis of CVD; therefore, associations between stress and CVD risk and mortality may vary by sex. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence from recent and landmark studies on gender differences in the associations of stress with CVD risk factors and end points and to highlight clinical and public health implications as well as future research directions in this field. Taken together, research to date indicates that while stress is associated with poorer cardiovascular health metrics in both men and women, the influence of stress on measures of glucose regulation and dyslipidemia and on overall CVD risk may be stronger among women. However, men may be more susceptible to the influence of stress on body adiposity, blood pressure, and CVD mortality. In terms of behavioral risk factors for CVD, associations between stress and diet quantity and quality appear to be stronger among women, but the influence of stress on sedentary behaviors and sleep may be stronger among men. Given that gender disparities exist in the prevalence of overall and different types of stress (eg, financial stress, caregiving stress, and occupational stress), future studies should decipher the potential differential associations between types of stress and cardiovascular risk among men and women to identify vulnerable populations and develop targeted interventions.