Abstract
Understanding how pesticide exposure to non-target species influences toxicity is necessary to accurately assess the ecological risks these compounds pose. To assess the potential metabolic activation of broad use pesticides in amphibians, in vitro and in vivo metabolic rate constants were derived from toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) livers in experiments measuring the depletion of atrazine (ATZ), triadimefon (TDN), and fipronil (FIP) as well as formation of their metabolites. To determine the predictability of these in vitro derived rate constants, Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) were exposed to soil contaminated with each of the pesticides at maximum application rate. Desethyl atrazine (DEA) and deisopropyl atrazine (DIA), both metabolites of ATZ, exhibited similar velocities (V(max)) while the K(M) constant for DIA was two times higher than DEA. TDN was metabolized into two diastereomers of triadimenol (TDL A and TDL B), where TDL B had a V(max) around two times higher than TDL A. The metabolite fipronil sulfone's V(max) and K(M) were 150 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) and 29 μM, respectively. While intrinsic clearance rates for the pesticides ranged from 0.54 to 38.31 mL min(-1) kg(-1). Thus, gaining knowledge on differences in metabolism of pesticides within amphibians is important in estimating risk to these non-target species since the inherent toxicity of metabolites can differ from the parent compound.