Abstract
The inhibitor of DNA-binding 2 (ID2) plays a major role in tumor dedifferentiation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have indicated an inverse correlation between ID2 expression and NSCLC cell invasiveness. However, the mechanisms through which ID2 activation is regulated are currently unclear. We overexpressed ID2 in H1299 cells and extensively characterized their cellular behaviors. By employing a serial deletion approach combined with a reporter assay, we pinpointed the basal promoter region of ID2. We also examined the DNA methylation status of the ID2 promoter to elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms driving ID2 regulation. Our results revealed that ID2 overexpression effectively inhibited the migration, invasion, proliferation, and colony formation abilities of H1299 cells. The region from -243 to +202 played a major role in driving the transcriptional activity of ID2. Sequence analysis results indicated that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) might be crucial in the regulation of ID2 expression. The ectopically expressed YY1 activated both the expression levels of ID2 and the transcriptional activity of the ID2 promoter, potentially contributing to its repressive activity on cancer cell growth. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that YY1 may target the -120 and -76 sites of the ID2 promoter, thereby activating its transcriptional activity. The ID2 promoter regions were also fully methylated in CL1-5 cells, and the methylation level was correlated with the expression levels of the ID2 promoter. Moreover, the YY1-induced suppression of colony formation was counteracted by ID2 knockdown, which suggests that YY1 represses cell colony growth through the regulation of ID2. Our results indicate that YY1 plays a role in transactivating ID2 expression and might also contribute to the repression of colony growth through the regulation of ID2.
Keywords:
YY1; inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 2; lung adenocarcinoma; metastasis; methylation.