Differentiating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibody Responses Between Infection and Vaccination: Challenges for Epidemiological Research

Some common coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines elicit antibody responses that most serological tests are unable to differentiate from an infection response. This presents a challenge for COVID-19 epidemiology and serosurveys. In this perspective, we examine the potential scale of this problem.