Abstract
The increase in chest CT volumes affords radiologists the opportunity to systematically assess imaging biomarkers, including coronary and thoracic arterial calcification, emphysema, airway dysanapsis, adipose tissue in various compartments, skeletal muscle (in terms of both quantity and quality), and vertebral body bone attenuation (as a measure of bone mineral density), extending from the T1 through T12 vertebral body levels. These biomarkers represent a spectrum of disease-induced changes or increases in the risk of developing disease. This Special Series Review provides an overview of these established and emerging imaging biomarkers on chest CT scans, aiming to serve as a reference for practicing radiologists. We discuss the importance of imaging biomarkers for patient care; highlight recent developments; present approaches for interpretation and integration into clinical workflows, with attention given to the role of reference values; consider challenges in serial assessment resulting from variations in technical parameters; describe the incorporation of the biomarkers into societal guidelines; and summarize FDA-approved artificial intelligence tools to aid evaluation.