Abstract
It has long been thought that chaperones are primarily attracted to their clients through the hydrophobic effect. However, in in vitro studies on the interaction between the chaperone Spy and its substrate Im7, we recently showed that long-range electrostatic interactions also play a key role. Spy functions in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria, which is surrounded by a permeable outer membrane. The ionic conditions in the periplasm therefore closely mimic those in the media, which allowed us to vary the ionic strength of the in vivo folding environment. Using folding biosensors that link protein folding to antibiotic resistance, we were able to monitor Spy chaperone activity in Escherichia coli in vivo as a function of media salt concentration. The chaperone activity of Spy decreased when the ionic strength of the media was increased, strongly suggesting that electrostatic forces play a vital role in the action of Spy in vivo.