Abstract
Peripheral retinal imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Traditional fundus imaging techniques have limited coverage of the retina, resulting in missed peripheral lesions. The advent of ultra-widefield (UWF) imaging has revolutionized the assessment of the peripheral retina. UWF imaging modalities provide comprehensive visualization of the retina, enabling the detection of peripheral lesions without the need for mydriasis. Integration of UWF imaging with other modalities, including fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography, pseudocolor imaging, and fundus autofluorescence, further enhances our understanding of peripheral retinal lesions. UWF imaging has demonstrated improved detection of DR lesions and presumably more accurate management of DR compared to traditional fundus photography and dilated fundus examination. UWF-FA and UWF-optical coherence tomography angiography have emerged as valuable tools for assessing retinal and choroidal vascular abnormalities, nonperfusion areas, neovascularization, and microvascular abnormalities. The presence and increasing extent of predominantly peripheral lesions detected using UWF FA are associated with a higher risk of DR progression and proliferative DR. UWF imaging provides a comprehensive evaluation of DR severity, aiding in more accurate risk stratification and treatment decision-making. Overall, UWF imaging modalities have significantly advanced our understanding of peripheral retinal lesions in DR, facilitating early detection and targeted management for better visual outcomes.