Abstract
Considering biosafety concerns and survivability limitations of probiotics (PRO) under different stresses, application of postbiotics and encapsulated PRO has received considerable attentions. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to investigate the postbiotic capabilities of a potential PRO yeast isolate and the effect of encapsulation with alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Ch) on its survival under SGI conditions. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the selected potential PRO yeast isolated from wheat germ sourdough. High survival of the isolate under simulated gastrointestinal (SGI) conditions (95.74%), its proper adhesion abilities, as well as its potent inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes (75.84%) and Aspergillus niger (77.35%) were approved. Interestingly, the yeast cell-free supernatant (CFS) showed the highest antioxidant (84.35%) and phytate-degrading (56.19%) activities compared to the viable and heat-dead cells of the isolate. According to the results of the HPLC-based assay, anti-ochratoxin A (OTA) capability of the dead cells was also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the viable cell. Meanwhile, the yeast CFS had no anti-OTA and antimicrobial activities against the foodborne bacteria and fungi tested. Further, microencapsulation of the yeast isolate in Alg beads coated layer-by-layer with Ch (with 77.02% encapsulation efficacy and diameter of 1059 μm based on the field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis) significantly enhanced its survivability under SGI conditions in comparison with the free cells. In addition, electrostatic cross-linking between negatively charged carboxylic groups of Alg and positively charged amino groups of Ch was verified in accordance with Fourier transform infrared and zeta potential data. Human and/or industrial food trials in future are needed for practical applications of these emerging ingredients.