Abstract
RATIONALE: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and heart failure (HF) are leading causes of death. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, limiting the design of new therapies. Whereas most autonomic modulation therapies have not shown clear benefit in HF patients, growing evidence indicates cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) exerts cardioprotective effects. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unexplored. OBJECTIVE: Based on the hypothesis that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) drive the pathogenesis of HF and SCA, we investigated whether CSD prevents SCA and HF by improving mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and redox balance, to correct impaired Ca2+ handling and repolarization reserve. METHODS AND RESULTS: We interrogated CSD-specific responses in pressure-overload HF models with spontaneous SCA using in vivo echocardiographic and electrocardiographic studies and in vitro biochemical and functional studies including ratiometric measures of mROS, Ca2+ and sarcomere dynamics in left ventricular myocytes. Pressure-overloaded HF reduced mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and increased mROS, which impaired β-adrenergic signaling and caused SR Ca2+ leak, reducing SR Ca2+ and increasing diastolic Ca2+, impaired myofilament contraction and further increased the sympathetic stress response. CSD improved contractile function and mitigated mROS-mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload, dispersion of repolarization, triggered activity and SCA by upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant and NADPH-producing enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a fundamental role of sympathetic stress-induced downregulation of mROS scavenging enzymes and RyR-leak mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload in HF and SCA pathogenesis that are mitigated by CSD. This first report on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of CSD supports its evaluation in additional high-risk patient groups.