Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopies offer great potential for standoff detection of chemical and biological warfare agents, avoiding contamination to the operator and equipment. Among them, particularly promising is Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy, using synchronized pump/Stokes laser pulses to set up a vibrational coherence of target molecules at a laser focus, which is read by further interaction with a probe pulse, resulting in the emission of a coherent beam detectable at a distance. CARS has previously demonstrated the capability to detect bacterial spores based on the Raman spectrum of the characteristic molecule calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA); however, a complex and bulky laser technology, which is only suitable for a laboratory environment, was employed. Here we develop a broadband CARS setup based on a compact, industrial grade ytterbium laser system. We demonstrate high signal-to-noise ratio detection of Bacillus atrophaeus spores at a concentration of 10(5) cfu/mm(2), at a standoff distance of 1 m, and an acquisition time of 1 s. Our system, which combines chemical specificity and sensitivity along with improved ruggedness and portability, paves the way to a new generation of instruments for real-world standoff detection of chemical and biological threats.