Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide, with most patient mortality stemming from lingering immunosuppression in sepsis survivors. This is due in part to immune dysfunction resulting from monocyte exhaustion, a phenotype of reduced antigen presentation, altered CD14/CD16 inflammatory subtypes, and disrupted cytokine production. Whereas previous research demonstrated improved sepsis survival in Ticam2-/- mice, the contribution of TICAM2 to long-term exhaustion memory remained unknown. Using a cecal slurry injection sepsis model, we monitored the establishment and recovery of monocyte exhaustion in Ticam2-/- mice. After one week of recovery, we profiled bone marrow and splenic reservoir monocytes in Ticam2-/- mice and found that, in contrast to the persistent exhaustion observed in wild-type monocytes, Ticam2-/- monocytes largely resembled healthy controls. To determine the impact of TICAM2 ablation on innate epigenetic memory in sepsis, we measured genome-wide DNA methylation in bone marrow monocytes and found that Ticam2-/- cells exhibit a unique profile of altered methylation at CEBPE binding sites and regulatory features for key immune genes such as Dmkn and Btg1. Bearing human translational relevance, a case study of time course blood samples collected from a sepsis patient presenting with SIRS and a positive qSOFA revealed a similar effect in human monocytes, which steadily transition into an exhausted memory characterized by a CD38high; CX3CR1low; HLA-DRlow state within four days of hospital admittance. Together, our data reveal the chronic preservation of monocyte exhaustion, partially controlled by TICAM2.