Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) plays essential roles in mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and regulates cellular functions, such as energy synthesis, cell growth, and development. Thus, MCU activity is tightly controlled by its regulators as well as post-translational modification, including phosphorylation by protein kinases such as proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In our in vitro kinase assay, the MCU N-terminal domain (NTD) was phosphorylated by protein kinase C isoforms (PKCβII, PKCδ, and PKCε) localized in the mitochondrial matrix. In addition, we found the conserved S92 was phosphorylated by the PKC isoforms. To reveal the structural effect of MCU S92 phosphorylation (S92p), we determined crystal structures of the MCU NTD of S92E and D119A mutants and analysed the molecular dynamics simulation of WT and S92p. We observed conformational changes of the conserved loop2-loop4 (L2-L4 loops) in MCU NTDS92E, NTDD119A, and NTDS92p due to the breakage of the S92-D119 hydrogen bond. The results suggest that the phosphorylation of S92 induces conformational changes as well as enhancements of the negative charges at the L2-L4 loops, which may affect the dimerization of two MCU-EMRE tetramers.