Abstract
The septins are a family of GTP-binding proteins that form cytoskeletal filaments. Septins are highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient but are absent from land plants. The synthetic plant cytokinin forchlorfenuron (FCF) was shown previously to inhibit budding yeast cell division and induce ectopic septin structures (M. Iwase, S. Okada, T. Oguchi, and A. Toh-e, Genes Genet. Syst. 79:199-206, 2004, http://dx.doi.org/10.1266/ggs.79.199). Subsequent studies in a wide range of eukaryotes have concluded that FCF exclusively inhibits septin function, yet the mechanism of FCF action in nonplant cells remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the cellular effects of FCF are far more complex than previously described. The reported growth arrest of budding yeast cells treated with 1 mM FCF partly reflects sensitization caused by a bud4 mutation present in the W303 strain background. In wild-type (BUD4(+)) budding yeast, growth was inhibited at FCF concentrations that had no detectable effect on septin structure or function. Moreover, FCF severely inhibited the proliferation of fission yeast cells, in which septin function is nonessential. FCF induced fragmentation of budding yeast mitochondrial reticula and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondria also fragmented in cultured mammalian cells treated with concentrations of FCF that previously were assumed to target septins only. Finally, FCF potently inhibited ciliation and motility and induced mitochondrial disorganization in Tetrahymena thermophila without apparent alterations in septin structure. None of these effects was consistent with the inhibition of septin function. Our findings point to nonseptin targets as major concerns when using FCF.