Comprehensive analysis of GDFs as therapeutic targets and prognosis biomarkers in gastric cancer.

Growth/differentiation factors (GDFs, GDF1-3, GDF5-7, GDF9-11, and GDF15) belong to a subfamily of the transforming growth factor-β. GDFs play an important role in morphogenetic and developmental activities in many tissues. And many GDFs family numbers have been observed to be correlated with various types of tumors. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of ten GDFs in gastric cancer (GC) have yet to be analyzed. Herein we investigated the transcriptional and survival data of GDFs in patients with GC from the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, The Cancer Genome Atlas, cBioPortal, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource, Tumor Immune Syngeneic Mouse, UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas Gene Expression Omnibus and The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery databases. We found that multiple GDF family members are highly expressed in GC, which can prompt diagnosis and evaluate prognosis, and can be used as target points for GC immunotherapy.