This study elucidated the synergistic improvement of the interfacial performance and impact resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CF/EP) composites by employing continuous electrochemical oxidation. CFs were electrochemically treated at different current densities, and the surface physicochemical properties, including the surface morphologies, chemical compositions, and wettabilities, were analyzed. After electrochemical oxidation, the IFSS of the CF/EP increased by 48.8%, significantly improving the impact resistance of the composites. The experimental results showed that, when the current density reached 0.15 mA/cm(2), the damage area after impact reduced by 61%. Concurrently, fiber fracture and resin failure became the primary energy-dissipation modes, maximizing the fiber reinforcement effect and enhancing the impact resistance. However, fiber fracture deteriorated the static mechanical properties of the composites. Subsequently, at a 0.10 mA/cm(2) current density, the CF/EP composites exhibited an increased compressive strength after an impact of 331 MPa.