mRNA translation is integral to pain, yet the key regulatory factors and their target mRNAs are unclear. Here, we uncover a mechanism that bridges noxious insults to multiple phases of translational control in murine sensory neurons. We find that a painful cue triggers repression of peptide chain elongation through activation of elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K). Attenuated elongation is sensed by a ribosome-coupled mechanism that triggers the integrated stress response (ISR). Both eEF2K and the ISR are required for pain-associated behaviors in vivo. This pathway simultaneously induces biosynthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Selective blockade of Bdnf translation has analgesic effects in vivo. Our data suggest that precise spatiotemporal regulation of Bdnf translation is critical for appropriate behavioral responses to painful stimuli. Overall, our results demonstrate that eEF2K resides at the nexus of an intricate regulatory network that links painful cues to multiple layers of translational control.