Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation in the heart plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Loss-of-function variants in the zinc finger homeobox 3 gene (ZFHX3) increase AF risk by promoting structural and electrical remodeling. However, the role of ZFHX3 knockdown (KD) in cardiac metabolism has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the impact of ZFHX3 KD on energy metabolism in atrial myocytes and assessed the therapeutic potential of trimetazidine (TMZ). Seahorse XFe24 extracellular flux analysis, bioluminescent assays, microplate enzyme activity assays, and Western blotting were used to study energy substrate (glucose and fatty acid) oxidation stress, intracellular lactate content, glucose uptake, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, and regulatory protein expression in control and ZFHX3 KD HL-1 cells with or without TMZ (10 μM) treatment. ZFHX3 KD cells exhibited a higher acute response in oxygen consumption after Etomoxir injection, upregulated CD36 and phosphorylated ACC expression, increased glucose uptake and lactate production, reduced PDH activity, and higher levels of PDK4 and LDHA. Furthermore, ZFHX3 KD cells showed mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and increased phosphorylated PDH and oxidized CaMKII proteins, all of which were significantly attenuated by TMZ. Additionally, TMZ improved mitochondrial dysfunction in ZFHX3 KD cells by decreasing basal and maximal respiration, spare capacity, and proton leak. These findings suggest that ZFHX3 downregulation shifts substrate preference toward fatty acid utilization at the expense of glucose oxidation, contributing to metabolic and mitochondrial calcium dysregulation. TMZ mitigates these effects, highlighting its therapeutic potential in AF associated with ZFHX3 deficiency.
Keywords:
atrial fibrillation; lactate; mitochondrial Ca2+; mitochondrial energy metabolism; trimetazidine; zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3).