Septo-hypothalamic regulation of binge-like alcohol consumption by the nociceptin system.

High-intensity alcohol drinking during binge episodes contributes to the socioeconomic burden created by alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and nociceptin receptor (NOP) antagonists have emerged as a promising intervention. To better understand the contribution of the NOP system to binge drinking, we found that nociceptin-containing neurons of the lateral septum (LS(Pnoc)) displayed increased excitability during withdrawal from binge-like alcohol drinking. LS(Pnoc) activation promoted active avoidance and potentiated binge-like drinking behavior, whereas silencing of this population reduced alcohol drinking. LS(Pnoc) form robust monosynaptic inputs locally within the LS and genetic deletion of NOP or microinjection of a NOP antagonist into the LS decreased alcohol intake. LS(Pnoc) also project to the lateral hypothalamus and supramammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus, and genetic deletion of NOP from each site reduced alcohol drinking. Together, these findings implicate the septo-hypothalamic nociceptin system in excessive alcohol consumption and support NOP antagonist development for the treatment of AUD.