Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most polluting heavy metal in the environment. Cd exposure has been elucidated to cause dysfunction of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. C57BL/6J male mice were administered with 2.28 mg/kg cadmium chloride (CdCl2) dissolved in distilled water by oral gavage for 14 days. The expression of SDC4 in the kidney tissues was detected. Human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) were exposed to varying concentrations of CdCl2 for 24 h. The mRNA levels of SDC4, along with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9, were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Additionally, the protein expression levels of SDC4, MMP-2/9, and both total and phosphorylated forms of Smad2/3 (P-Smad2/3) were detected by western blot. The extravasation rate of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran through the Transwell was used to evaluate the permeability of HRGECs. SB431542 was used as an inhibitor of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway to further investigate the role of TGF-β. Cd reduced SDC4 expression in both mouse kidney tissues and HRGECs. In addition, Cd exposure increased permeability and upregulated P-Smad2/3 levels in HRGECs. SB431542 treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, Cd-induced SDC4 downregulation, and hyperpermeability. MMP-2/9 levels increased by Cd exposure was also blocked by SB431542, demonstrating the involvement of TGF-β/Smad pathway in low-dose Cd-induced SDC4 reduction in HRGECs. Given that SDC4 is an essential component of glycocalyx, protection or repair of endothelial glycocalyx is a potential strategy for preventing or treating kidney diseases associated with environmental Cd exposure.