Abstract
Intracellular bacterial infections affect all vertebrates. Cultured fish are particularly vulnerable because no effective protection measures have been established since such infections emerged approximately 50 years ago. As in other vertebrates, the induction of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in protecting fish against infection. However, details of the mechanism of CMI induction in fish have not been clarified. In the present study, we focused on the production of interleukin 12 (IL-12), an important factor in CMI induction in fish. Using several different approaches, we investigated IL-12 regulation in amberjack (Seriola dumerili), the species most vulnerable to intracellular bacterial disease. The results of promoter assays and transcription factor gene expression analyses showed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) is necessary for IL-12 production. Phagocytosis of living cells (LCs) of Nocardia seriolae bacteria induced IL-12 production in neutrophils, accompanied by IRF-1 and AP-1 gene expression. Bacteria in which the exported repetitive protein (Erp)-like gene was deleted (Δerp-L) could not establish intracellular parasitism or induce IRF-1 and AP-1 expression or IL-12 production, despite being phagocytosed by neutrophils. These data suggest that IL-12 production is regulated by (i) two transcription factors, IRF-1 and AP-1, (ii) phagocytosis of LCs by neutrophils, and (iii) one or more cell components of LCs. Our results enhance the understanding of the immune response to intracellular bacterial infections in vertebrates and could facilitate the discovery of new agents to prevent intracellular bacterial disease.