Flame-forged divergence? Ancient human fires and the evolution of diurnal and nocturnal lineages in moorish geckos.

Using a multidisciplinary approach, we investigated whether human-controlled fire has historically influenced temporal niche partitioning between dark-diurnal and pale-nocturnal lineages of the Moorish gecko (Tarentola mauritanica). The pale-nocturnal variant exhibited lower skin melanin levels, smaller and fewer melanosomes, and lower plasma α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone levels than its dark-diurnal counterpart. Mitochondrial genome analyses indicated that the common ancestor of these gecko lineages diverged approximately 6,600 years ago, coinciding with the transition of modern humans from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural societies. Species distribution models suggested coexistence between humans and geckos during the emergence of these lineages. Additionally, we demonstrated that fire attracts phototactic arthropods, concentrating prey resources. These findings imply that human-controlled fire may have created a novel foraging niche for pale-nocturnal geckos, likely driving the divergence of the two variants.