Engineering bi-directional chemically-modulated synthetic condensates for cellular control.

Biomolecular condensates are membraneless compartments involved in a wide range of cellular processes. Despite their fundamental role in the spatiotemporal regulation of cellular functions, tools for precisely manipulating phase-separated condensates remain limited, and effective methods for discovering and functionalizing tunable phase separation modules from natural proteins are lacking. Here we present a rational engineering approach for androgen receptor (AR) and its clinically used drugs to create a chemical genetic platform, ARDrop, enabling condensates formation and dissolution. This platform is applied to a diverse set of proteins to achieve intended cellular functions, ensuring robust and long-lasting functionality through stable liquid-like properties. Our work develops a powerful toolkit for reversible manipulation of condensates that can be used for dissection of complicated cell signaling, laying the foundation for engineering designer condensates for synthetic biology applications.