Change in inflammatory markers and cognitive status in the oldest-old women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 soluble receptor (sR), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNF-R1) and cognitive status in the oldest-old women. DESIGN: Twenty-year longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Four clinical sites in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (N = 905; mean age 88.3 ± 2.8 at cognitive status adjudication). MEASUREMENTS: At Year 20, cognitive status was adjudicated as normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia. Inflammatory markers were measured from blood serum at Years 10 and 16 in a random sample of women. RESULTS: Over 10 years, 199 (22.0%) women developed MCI and 145 (16.0%) dementia. There were no significant associations between IL-6 or sTNF-R1 and cognitive status. High IL-6-sR (≥ 37,401.36 pg/mL, highest tertile) at Year 16 was significantly associated with lower risk of dementia (odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.97) than in women with lower levels (<37,401.36 pg/mL, lower two tertiles). Women with high IL-6-sR at both time points (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.17-0.89) or who transitioned to a high level (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14-0.88) had a lower risk of dementia. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of white, high-functioning oldest-old women, a consistently high or an increasing level of IL-6-sR was associated with lower risk of dementia. Compared with other studies of younger-old adults, this suggests that the effect of inflammation on dementia may differ in younger-old and the oldest-old individuals. Understanding these differences will be crucial in interpreting results from ongoing clinical trials and in targeting therapeutic strategies to the oldest-old individuals.