High glucose induces pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages by inhibiting immune-responsive gene 1 expression.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of high glucose on macrophage polarization and the role of immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1) in mediating its effect. METHODS: RAW264.7 cells were transfected with IRG1-overexpressing plasmid or IRG1 siRNA via electroporation and cultured in either normal or high glucose for 72 h to observe the changes in cell viability and morphology using CCK-8 assay and phase contrast microscopy. The protein levels of IRG1, iNOS, Arg-1, IL-1β and IL-10 in the treated cells were detected with Western blotting, and the fluorescence intensities of iNOS and Arg-1 were detected using immunofluorescence assay. The protein levels of IL-1β and IL-10 in the culture medium were determined with ELISA. RESULTS: High glucose exposure significantly reduced IRG1 and Arg-1 expressions, increased iNOS and IL-1β expressions and IL-1β secretion, and decreased IL-10 level in RAW264.7 cells. Transfection with the IRG1-overexpressing plasmid provided the cells with obvious resistance to high glucose-induced changes in iNOS, Arg-1, IL-1β and IL-10, whereas IRG1 knockdown further enhanced the effects of high glucose exposure on Arg-1 expression and the expression and secretion of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS: High glucose promotes M1 polarization of the macrophages possibly through a mechanism to inhibit the expression of IRG1 protein, thus leading to chronic inflammatory response.