The dynamics and mechanisms of interleukin-1alpha and beta nuclear import.

Pro-inflammatory members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines (IL-1alpha and beta) are important mediators of host defense responses to infection but can also exacerbate the damaging inflammation that contributes to major human diseases. IL-1alpha and beta are produced by cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages, and act largely after their secretion by binding to the type I IL-1 receptor on responsive cells. There is evidence that IL-1alpha is also a nuclear protein that can act intracellularly. In this study, we report that both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta produced by microglia (central nervous system macrophages) in response to an inflammatory challenge are distributed between the cytosol and the nucleus. Using IL-1-beta-galactosidase and IL-1-green fluorescent protein chimeras (analyzed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching), we demonstrate that nuclear import of IL-1alpha is exclusively active, requiring a nuclear localization sequence and Ran, while IL-1beta nuclear import is entirely passive. These data provide valuable insights into the dynamic regulation of intracellular cytokine trafficking.