Immunoembolization of malignant liver tumors, including uveal melanoma, using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

PURPOSE: We conducted a phase I study to investigate the feasibility and safety of immunoembolization with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; sargramostim) for malignant liver tumors, predominantly hepatic metastases from patients with primary uveal melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with surgically unresectable malignant liver tumors, including 34 patients with primary uveal melanoma, were enrolled. Hepatic artery embolization accompanied an infusion of dose-escalated GM-CSF (25 to 2,000 microg) given every 4 weeks. Primary end points included dose-limiting toxicity and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Patients who completed two cycles of treatments were monitored for hepatic antitumor response. Survival rates of patients were also monitored. RESULTS: MTD was not reached up to the dose level of 2,000 microg, and there were no treatment-related deaths. Thirty-one assessable patients with uveal melanoma demonstrated two complete responses, eight partial responses, and 10 occurrences of stable disease in their hepatic metastases. The median overall survival of intent-to-treat patients who had metastatic uveal melanoma was 14.4 months. Multivariate analyses indicated that female sex, high doses of GM-CSF (> or = 1,500 microg), and regression of hepatic metastases (complete and partial responses) were correlated to longer overall survival. Moreover, high doses of GM-CSF were associated with prolonged progression-free survival in extrahepatic sites. CONCLUSION: Immunoembolization with GM-CSF is safe and feasible in patients with hepatic metastasis from primary uveal melanoma. Encouraging preliminary efficacy and safety results warrant additional clinical study in metastatic uveal melanoma.