Abstract
Upon invasive bacterial infection of colonic epithelium, host cells induce several types of cell death to eliminate pathogens. For instance, necroptosis is a RIPK-dependent lytic cell death that serves as a backup system to fully eliminate intracellular pathogens when apoptosis is inhibited; this phenomenon has been termed "cell death crosstalk". To maintain their replicative niche and multiply within cells, some enteric pathogens prevent epithelial cell death by delivering effectors via the type III secretion system. In this study, we found that Shigella hijacks host cell death crosstalk via a dual mechanism: inhibition of apoptosis by the OspC1 effector and inhibition of necroptosis by the OspD3 effector. Upon infection by Shigella, host cells recognize blockade of caspase-8 apoptosis signaling by OspC1 effector as a key danger signal and trigger necroptosis as a backup form of host defense. To counteract this backup defense, Shigella delivers the OspD3 effector, a protease, to degrade RIPK1 and RIPK3, preventing necroptosis. We believe that blockade of host cell death crosstalk by Shigella is a unique intracellular survival tactic for prolonging the bacterium's replicative niche.