A Pillar and Perfusion Plate Platform for Robust Human Organoid Culture and Analysis.

Human organoids have the potential to revolutionize in vitro disease modeling by providing multicellular architecture and function that are similar to those in vivo. This innovative and evolving technology, however, still suffers from assay throughput and reproducibility to enable high-throughput screening (HTS) of compounds due to cumbersome organoid differentiation processes and difficulty in scale-up and quality control. Using organoids for HTS is further challenged by the lack of easy-to-use fluidic systems that are compatible with relatively large organoids. Here, these challenges are overcome by engineering "microarray three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting" technology and associated pillar and perfusion plates for human organoid culture and analysis. High-precision, high-throughput stem cell printing, and encapsulation techniques are demonstrated on a pillar plate, which is coupled with a complementary deep well plate and a perfusion well plate for static and dynamic organoid culture. Bioprinted cells and spheroids in hydrogels are differentiated into liver and intestine organoids for in situ functional assays. The pillar/perfusion plates are compatible with standard 384-well plates and HTS equipment, and thus may be easily adopted in current drug discovery efforts.