Enhanced γ-H2AX Foci Frequency and Altered Gene Expression in Participants Exposed to Ionizing Radiation During I-131 Nuclear Medicine Procedures.

PURPOSE: Ionizing radiation-based technologies are extensively used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. While utilizing the technologies, exposure to a certain amount of radiation is unavoidable. Data can be obtained from participants who received radiation during medical imaging and therapeutic purposes to predict the effects of low-dose radiation. METHODS: To understand the effects of low-dose radiation, participants (n = 22) who received radioactive I-131 for scan/therapy were used as a model in this study. Blood samples were drawn pre- and post-administration of I-131. Biological effects were measured using markers of DNA damage (γ-H2AX, micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal aberrations (CA)) and response to damage through gene expression changes (ATM, CDKN1A, DDB2, FDXR, and PCNA) in blood samples. RESULTS: Mean frequency of γ-H2AX foci in pre-samples was 0.28 ± 0.16, and post-samples were 1.03 ± 0.60. γ-H2AX foci frequency obtained from post-samples showed significant (p < 0.0001) and a heterogeneous increase in all the participants (received I-131 for scan/therapy) when compared to pre-samples. A significant increase (p < 0.0001) in MN and CA frequency was also observed in participants who received the I-131 therapy. Gene expression analysis indicates that all genes (ATM, CDKN1A, DDB2, FDXR, and PCNA) were altered in post-samples, although with varying degrees, suggesting that the cellular responses to DNA damage, such as damage repair, cell cycle regulation to aid in repair and apoptosis are increased, which priority is given to repair, followed by apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the participants who received I-131 (low doses of β- and γ-radiation) can produce substantial biological effects.