Physalis peruviana calyces extract ameliorate oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune loss in rats-exposed to hexaflumuron.

BACKGROUND: Hexaflumuron (HFM), a common pesticide, can disrupt the immune system and cause oxidative stress. This study investigated the potential of Physalis peruviana L. calyces extract (PP) to counteract these effects in rats. METHODS: Rats were divided into 6 groups including control, PP-treated, HFM-exposed, and co-treated (HFM + PP) groups. Immune function, antioxidant activity, and organ damage were assessed. Furthermore, UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified potential bioactive compounds in PP extract. RESULTS: HFM exposure suppressed immune responses and caused organ damage. Notably, the co-administration of PP extract with HFM reversed these effects, indicating its ability to reduce oxidative stress and protect the immune system. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of PP calyces ethanolic extract revealed its richness in various health-promoting metabolites, including acyl sucrose sugar, withanolides, and flavonoids, which may provide valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms of PP's calyces protective effects against HFM toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides novel insights into the potential of P. peruviana L. calyces ethanolic extract as a natural agent to counteract the harmful effects of HFM exposure. These findings have significant implications for developing effective strategies to mitigate pesticide-induced toxicity and promote human health.