Abstract
Tumor cells develop various strategies to evade immune surveillance, one of which involves altering the metabolic state of the tumor microenvironment. In response to metabolic stress in the tumor microenvironment, several tumor-infiltrating immune subsets upregulate CD36 to take up lipids. This leads to impaired antitumor immunity, as intratumoral regulatory T cells exhibit increased survival and suppressive activity, whereas CD8+ T cells become more susceptible to ferroptosis and exhaustion. In this study, we develop a humanized anti-CD36 IgG4 antibody, PLT012, against the lipid-binding domain of CD36 with excellent safety and favorable pharmacokinetic features in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. PLT012 alone or in combination with PD-L1 blockade or standard-of-care immunotherapy results in robust antitumor immunity in both immunotherapy-sensitive and -resistant hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Notably, PLT012 also reprograms the immune landscape of human HCC ex vivo. Our findings provide proof-of-concept evidence that PLT012 reprograms antitumor immunity in HCC, positioning it as a first-in-class immunotherapy targeting CD36.
Significance:
Despite the success of cancer immunotherapies, like immune checkpoint inhibitors, many patients still fail to demonstrate significant responses because of metabolic constraints in tumors. PLT012 rejuvenates antitumor immunity by targeting metabolic pathways to reprogram the immune landscape of liver cancer and liver metastasis, with potential to influence future HCC immunotherapy.