Concomitant occurrence of chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection and chronic colitis restore immune imbalance and dysbiosis leading to protection against intestinal colitis and schistosome egg-induced intestinal fibrosis

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating tropical diseases in developing countries and is usually misdiagnosed with colitis because the prevalence of co-occurrence of both diseases is high. Previously, infection of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae has been shown to provide immediate protection against dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced acute colitis in mice models. Studies using synthesised peptides or soluble proteins from parasites also revealed similar protection against colitis. However, most of these studies were done within a short timeframe, which cannot completely represent the actual situation where natural infection of Schistosoma or colitis is usually chronic. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate how chronic schistosomiasis affects chronic intestinal inflammation. METHODS: Mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni and induced simultaneously with chronic colitis. The symptoms and severity of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis were investigated by disease activity index, histology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Furthermore, immune analysis by ELISA and qPCR and microbiome analysis by 16S rDNA sequencing were done to investigate the underlying mechanism. FINDINGS: Concomitant occurrence of chronic schistosomiasis and chronic colitis significantly alleviated colitis symptoms, lessened intestinal inflammation, and reduced egg-induced fibrosis. Further analysis revealed an alternation of the intestinal immunity and gut microbiome community in mice with both diseases, which could be the potential reason for this outcome. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our results represent a mechanism of how schistosomiasis and chronic intestinal inflammation affect each other.