Lycopene Supplemented Mediterranean Diet Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Mice and Changes Intestinal Microbiome

This study aimed to determine the effects of the Mediterranean diet (MD) and lycopene on the development of EAE and on inflammatory markers. In the 43-day study, 72 female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into eight groups according to whether they were EAE or naive (control) mice, fed a Western diet or a MD, and whether they received lycopene. During the study, mice were fed ad libitum, and lycopene groups were given 10 mg/kg/day lycopene per mouse every other day for 28 days in oral gavage. The mice were scored for EAE, sacrificed and their spleen, lymph nodes, and spinal cords were removed. We observed slightly delayed EAE onset in the MD-Lyc group compared to the others, and the EAE clinical scores were also lower than in the other groups. T-cell counts in the spleen and lymph nodes of the MD-Lyc group were significantly lower than in other groups. The production of IFN-γ and IL-22 was higher than in the other groups. IL-17 A cytokine produced in the spleen was lower in the MD-Lyc group than in the other groups. In addition, the highest myelination score was seen in the MD-Lyc group. MD-Lyc group also had a unique microbiome profile compared with the remaining groups. In summary, MD and lycopene administration positively impacted EAE scores and myelination. However, more comprehensive studies at the in vitro and in vivo levels are needed to reveal the effect of this intervention on cell numbers in the CNS.