Pan cancer research reveals the role of PTGDS in tumor suppression and immune regulation.

Prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS), a newly identified anti-tumor target, shows promise in inhibiting various cancers and plays significant roles in the tumor microenvironment and immune regulation, yet a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of its expression and prognostic value remains lacking. This study used multi-omics data from public databases to assess PTGDS's expression, mutation, and modification in multiple cancers, integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic data to explore its relationship with immune cells, and conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments in breast cancer (BRCA). Results showed that PTGDS is significantly dysregulated in most cancers, with its expression associated with different outcomes depending on cancer type. It correlates with epigenetic and biological functions, and low expression in BRCA indicates poor prognosis. Overexpression of PTGDS can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion, increase CD8+ T - cell activity, and enhance anti-tumor immunity. Combining it with anti-PD-L1 improves BRCA treatment. PTGDS is a potential prognostic biomarker and a novel immunotherapy target for BRCA.