4-Octyl Itaconate Prevents Free Fatty Acid-Induced Lipid Metabolism Disorder through Activating Nrf2-AMPK Signaling Pathway in Hepatocytes.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized with oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis, is a serious threat to human health. As a specific activator of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) has the beneficial effects in antioxidant and anti-inflammation; however, whether 4-OI can alleviate hepatic steatosis and its mechanism is still unknown. The present study was aimed at investigating the protective effects of 4-OI on free fat acid- (FFA-) induced lipid metabolism disorder and its potential molecular mechanism in hepatocytes. The results showed that 4-OI treatment markedly alleviated FFA-induced oxidative stress and excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Mechanistically, 4-OI significantly suppressed the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through activation of Nrf2; the downregulation of ROS level induced a downregulation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation level which finally ameliorated excessive lipid accumulation in FFA-stimulated hepatocytes. In general, our data demonstrated that 4-OI relieves the oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorder in FFA-stimulated hepatocytes; and these beneficial effects were achieved by activating the Nrf2-AMPK signaling pathway. These data not only expand the new biological function of 4-OI but also provide a theoretical basis for 4-OI to protect against lipid metabolism disorders and related diseases, such as NAFLD.