Drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from patients and hospital effluent: a correlation?

BACKGROUND: The application of wastewater-based epidemiology has gained traction as a cost effective tool in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance with studies showing a correlation between the presence of resistant bacteria from hospital sewage and patients. This study compared Klebsiella pneumoniae from patients and hospital effluent in terms of antibiotic resistance patterns, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and phylogenomic relationships. RESULTS: Pooled effluent samples were collected from the final effluent point of a regional hospital and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified on selective media. Clinical isolates were also collected from the same hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the VITEK® 2 system. DNA was extracted prior to whole genome sequencing (WGS). The resistome, mobilome, and phylogenetic lineages of sequenced isolates were assessed using bioinformatics analysis. A total of 10 randomly selected presumptive and 10 clinical K. pneumoniae constituted the sample and were subjected to AST. Total resistance was observed in the clinical samples to cefuroxime, cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin, tobramycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The effluent isolates exhibited total susceptibility to most antibiotics but showed resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam (100%), and tigecycline (10%). The effluent isolates did not exhibit a diverse resistome, while the clinical isolates harboured genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside (aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA16), ß-lactam (bla(SVH) group, bla(OXA) group, bla(TEM) group), and fluoroquinolone (oqxA, oqxB) antibiotics. Only class 1 integrons were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that effluent isolates from this study were not closely related to the clinical isolates. CONCLUSION: This study showed no correlation between the resistance profiles of the clinical and effluent isolates. The relationship between AMR in hospital effluent and clinical resistance may depend on the antimicrobial agents and bacterial species studied.