Rapid two-step target capture ensures efficient CRISPR-Cas9-guided genome editing

RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas enzymes initiate programmable genome editing by recognizing a ∼20-base-pair DNA sequence next to a short protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). To uncover the molecular determinants of high-efficiency editing, we conducted biochemical, biophysical, and cell-based assays on Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9) variants with wide-ranging genome-editing efficiencies that differ in PAM-binding specificity. Our results show that reduced PAM specificity causes persistent non-selective DNA binding and recurrent failures to engage the target sequence through stable guide RNA hybridization, leading to reduced genome-editing efficiency in cells. These findings reveal a fundamental trade-off between broad PAM recognition and genome-editing effectiveness. We propose that high-efficiency RNA-guided genome editing relies on an optimized two-step target capture process, where selective but low-affinity PAM binding precedes rapid DNA unwinding. This model provides a foundation for engineering more effective CRISPR-Cas and related RNA-guided genome editors.