Nano-encapsulated ferulic acid in sesame protein isolate alleviates acrylamide-induced liver toxicity and genotoxicity in rats via oxidative stress and DNA damage modulation.

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide (ACR) induces hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity through oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. AIMS: This study explores the potential of ferulic acid encapsulated in sesame protein isolate (SPI) and its nanoform as a non-toxic, effective therapy for ACR-induced oxidative liver injury in rats. METHODS: SPI was prepared from defatted sesame flour. SPI exposed to ultrasonic waves to obtain nano SPI, and then ferulic acid was added to form capsules. Fourier transforms infrared spectra, scaning electron microscope, and polarizing optical microscope were used in investigating functional groups and surface morphology of both encapsulations respectively. Rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of six animals: normal control, ACR-treated (20 mg/kg/day), sesame protein encapsulated ferulic acid-treated, and sesame protein nano-encapsulated ferulic acid-treated groups. Both encapsulated forms were administered daily in the diet alongside ACR for two weeks. Liver function indices, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA fragmentation, comet assay, and histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. RESULTS: The encapsulation efficiency of the nano-encapsulated form was higher than that of the other forms. Both encapsulated forms significantly improved liver function, elevated levels of GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT were observed, along with decreased concentrations of MDA, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The treatments also provided protection against DNA damage and genotoxicity, alleviated histological damage, and reduced liver toxicity and genotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Both encapsulated forms, especially the nanoform, significantly mitigated liver toxicity. These findings underscore their potential as effective natural therapies for liver damage caused by ACR, and supporting liver health.