Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Sophoridine and Its Effect on Diarrhea in Mice.

To investigate the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of sophoridine and elucidate its mechanism of action, we carried out both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Multiple bacterial strains were utilized to determine the effective concentration of sophoridine in antibacterial and bactericidal assays. Subsequently, LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and E. coli-challenged BALB/c mice models were employed to evaluate the production of inflammatory cytokines. Our results showed that sophoridine concentrations exceeding 5.12 mg/mL significantly inhibited cell viability, while 0.32 mg/mL of sophoridine demonstrated the optimal anti-inflammatory activity at 12 h. In E. coli-induced diarrheal mice, doses of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg BW of sophoridine alleviated fecal occult blood and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the level of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, increasing serum IL-10, and inhibiting leucocyte infiltration in the duodenum. Notably, 15 mg/kg BW of sophoridine effectively decreased the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB p65. These findings suggest that sophoridine has promising potential for the treatment of diarrhea through its anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB activation.